Array

An array is a fixed-sized sequential collection of elements of the same data type.

Important note:

• An array can not have more than one type.
• Its index starts at 0.
• Its size must be known at compile time.

One Dimentional Array

type identifier[size] = [element, element, ..., element];

type identifier[size];
identifier = [element, element, ..., element];

Example:

int32 primes[] = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13];
string names[] = ["Sreang", "Hai", "Nha"];

To access one of an array's element, we start with array name followed by an index wraped by squre bracket []

int main(string args[]){

  int32 primes[] = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13];
  
  print("the first element: {}", primes[0]);
  print("the second element: {}", primes[1]);
  print("the last element: {}", primes[primes.size() - 1]);  
  
  string names[] = ["Sreang", "Hai", "Nha"]; 
  
    

  return 0;
}

Array Properties

In Cambo, you can manipulate the array using some built-in functions listed below:

• size() return the number of element of an array.
• last() return the last element of an array.
• reverse() reverse the element of an array.
• clear() set all elements to default values, typically zero.
• fill(value) fill each element of an array with specific value.
• swap(index, index) swap the values of two elements using their indices.

Example:

int main(string args[]){

  int32 primes[] = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13];

  print("size: {}", primes.size()); # 6
  print("last: {}", primes.last()); # 13 

  primes.reverse();
  print("primes: {}", primes); # [13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2]

  primes.reverse(); # reverse back to original

  primes.swap(0, 2);
  print("primes: {}", primes); # [5, 3, 2, 7, 11, 13]

  primes.clear();
  print("primes: {}", primes); # [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

  primes.fill(2);
  print("primes: {}", primes); # [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]

  return 0;
}

Multidimentional Array

A Multidimentional is an array of arrays, basically it is a nested array. Due to the static typing system, a multidimentional arrays in Cambo must have one same fixed size for each of its inner arrays.

Example: In the code below, we're going to create a 2D and 3D array as they are more common than any other higher dimentional arrays.

int main(string args[]){

  int8 array_2D[][] = [
    [0, 1, 3, 5],
    [3, 2, 1, 0],
    [-1, 2, 5, 9],
  ];

  int8 array_3D[][][] = [
    [
      [1, 2, 3],
      [4, 5, 6]
    ],
    [
      [7, 8, 9],
      [1, 2, 3]
    ]
  ]; 

  print("{}", array_2D[1][3]);    # 0
  print("{}", array_3D[0][0][2]); # 3
  
  return 0;
}

Visualizing Multidimensional Arrays

We can easily visualize the first three dimensions:

• 1D Array: A linear sequence of data points.
• 2D Array: A grid or matrix of data arranged on a plane.
• 3D Array: A box or cube of data consisting of rows, columns, and layers in space.

However, can we define higher-dimensional arrays, such as 4D or 5D?
The answer is yes. Since humans cannot easily visualize shapes beyond three dimensions, we must shift our perspective. Instead of viewing them as shapes, we should see an array as a nested list. Under this logic, an n-dimensional array is simply a list of (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
For example, a 4D array is just a linear sequence of 3D boxes. Interestingly, this mirrors certain theories: if our universe follows this logic, the 4th dimension is simply a sequence of 3D space linked together linearly. 5th dimention is just a matrix of 3D space and so on. How interesting!